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Rate expectations, a debt milestone and record official-sector buying moved gold sharply in August. For a physical book the operational question is settlement discipline, not direction.

Mercury use falls when artisanal operations are formalised, and formalisation requires a buyer. What a progressive due-diligence framework asks of the offtaker.

Reserve managers posted their strongest second quarter on record in the same quarter gold fell more than twenty per cent — and the documentary bar for official-sector metal rose with it.